Life process in animals and plants (nutrition/gaseous exchange/transport)
Homeostasis
Support and Movement
Coordination and control / Nervous & chemical coordination
Reproduction
Growth and Development/Development and aging
Variation and Genetics/Inheritance
Chromosome and DNA/Nucleic acid and protein synthesis
Evolution
Biotechnology/Genetic Technology
Men and his environment
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Cell wall,
Plasma membranes,
Cytoplasm and cell organelles
Nucleus,
Endoplasmic reticulum,
Mitochondria,
Golgi apparatus,
Lysozyme,
Plastid,
Vacuoles,
Peroxisomes,
Glyoxysome
Prokaryote and eukaryote
Fluid mosaic model
Learning outcomes
Compare the structure of typical animal and plant cell
Compare and contrast the structure of Prokaryotic cell with Eukaryotic cells)
Outline the structure and function of the following organelles: Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria)
Discuss fluid mosaic model of cell membrane and transportation (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active and passive transport), endocytosis and exocytosis.
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Introduction to biological molecules
Water
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Conjugated molecules
Learning Outcomes
Introduce biochemistry and chemical composition of protoplasm.
Describe biologically important properties of water (heat of vaporization, polarity, hydrolysis, specific heat, solvent, density, ionization, cohesion)
Phylum Chordata (structure, general characteristics, classification,
Subphylum/ classes,
General characteristics of class fish,
Amphibian,
Reptilia,
Aves,
Mammalia
Learning Outcomes
Describe general characteristic of animals
Describe classification of animal kingdom
Differentiate between diploblastic and triploblastic level of organization
Distinguish the classification according to coelom
Explain general characteristics of phylum of animal kingdom
Define alteration of generations and importance of coral reef
Highlight economic importance of phyla
Describe characteristics of invertebrates(chordates) and vertebrates
Highlight evolutionary adaptations in concerned phyla
Discuss characteristics with examples in each class of phylum chordata.
Highlight general characteristics of each subclass among phylum chordata with examples
LIFE PROCESSES IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS (NUTRITION/GASEOUS EXCHANGE/TRANSPORT)
Nutrition in plants,
Mineral nutrition in plants with deficiency systems,
Carnivorous plants,
Photosynthesis,
Gaseous exchange in plants,
Role and structure of stomata,
Uptake and transport of water,
Ascent of sap,
Osmotic pressure,
Translocation of organic solutes,
Transpiration and factors effecting it,
Water and mineral uptake by roots,
Concept of digestion and absorption,
oral cavity,
esophagus,
stomach,
intestine,
liver and pancreas,
disorders of digestive tract,
Human heart structure,
Blood vessels,
Blood flow,
Lymphatic system,
Immune system
Learning Outcomes
List the nutrients of plants with their specific role and mode of deficiency
Discuss the examples of carnivorous plants
State the role and structure of stomata along with structural details
Explain the process of photosynthesis
Explain the gaseous exchange
Explain process of ascent of sap
Describe mechanism of opening and closing of stomata
Describe pathways of uptake and transport of water
Explain translocation of organic solutes
List all the factors effecting transpiration
Describe water and minerals uptake by roots
Explain all structural parts of human alimentary canal
List GIT related disorders (dyspepsia, ulcer, obesity, ulcers, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa,
List down general structure of human heart
List the differences and functions of capillaries, arteries and veins.
Describe lymphatic system (organs, nodules, vessels)
Define and introduce immune system (general definition, its need and importance)
HOMEOSTASIS
Mechanism of Homeostasis
Receptors
Control center
Effector
Positive feedback
Negative feed back
Osmoregulation
Osmoregulators
Osmoconformers
Osmoregulation in Animals of different Environment
Freshwater Animals
Marine Animals
Terrestrial Environments
Excretion
Various nitrogenous compounds excreted during the process of excretion.
Excretory System of Human
Structure and Function of Kidney
Disorders of Urinary Tract
Urinary Tract Infections
Kidney Stones
Kidney Failure
Renal Dialysis
Kidney Transplant
Thermoregulation
Ectotherms and Endotherms
Poikilotherms and Homeotherms
Thermoregulation in Human
Learning Outcomes
Describe the three elements i.e. receptors, control center and effector
Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulatory
Define osmoregulation
Explain the nature of excretory products in relation to habitat
Explain urinary system
Explain kidney structure and function
List urinary tract infections
Define the thermo regulation and its need
SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT
Human Skeleton
Cartilage
Bone
Osteoblasts
Steoclasts
Steocytes
Comparison between bone and cartilage
Main division of Human skeletal
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Joints Types/ structural classification of joints
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
Disorders of Skeleton
Disorders of human skeleton
Disc slip
Spondylosis
Sciatica
Arthritis
Bone Fractures
Simple Fracture
Compound Fracture
Joint injuries
Muscles
Types of muscles
Skeletal Muscles
Cardiac Muscles
Smooth Muscles
Structure of Skeletal Muscles
Muscles problems
Learning Outcomes
Describe the structure of bone and compare it with that of cartilage.
Explain the functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes.
Identify the main divisions of human skeleton.
List the bones of appendicular and axial skeleton of man.
Describe three types of joints i.e. fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints and give example of each.
Describe the disorders of human skeleton (disc-slip, spondylosis, sciatica, arthritis) and their causes.
State different types of fractures (simple, compound and complicated)
Describe the repair process of simple fractures
Define muscle
Compare smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles
Explain the Ultra-structure of Skeletal Muscles
Antagonistic Arrangement of Skeletal Muscles
COORDINATION AND CONTROL / NERVOUS & CHEMICAL COORDINATION
Nervous System of Man
Nerve Impulse
Steps involved in nervous coordination
Neurons (Structure and Types)
Transmission of Action Potential between Cells – Synapse
Electrical synapses
Chemical synapses
Transmission of nerve impulse across synapse
Basic Organization of human nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Major division of Human brain
Sensory Receptors and their working
Hormones- The chemical messengers
Endocrine System of Man
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Gonads
Feedback Mechanism
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Learning Outcome
Steps involved in nervous coordination
Recognize receptors as transducers sensitive to various stimuli.
Trace the path of a message transmitted to the CNS for processing.
Identify muscles and glands as the effectors.
Define Neurons and explain its structure (Cell body, dendrites, axon and myelin sheath and Schwann cells)
Define nerve impulse.
The main components of the nervous system.
Explain briefly the functions of major divisions of brain.
Describe the architecture of human brain and compare its sectional view with that of the spinal cord.
Describe the chemical nature of hormones and correlate it with important hormones.
Outline the concept of Feedback mechanism of hormones.
REPRODUCTION
Human Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System and its Hormonal Regulation
Female Reproductive System and its Hormonal Regulation
Menstrual cycle
Disorders of Reproductive System
Male Infertility
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Miscarriage
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
AIDS
Learning Outcomes
Describe the structures of male reproductive system identifying their functions.
Explain the principal reproductive hormones of human male and explain their role in the maintenance and functioning of reproductive system
Explain the structures of female reproductive system and describe their functions.
Describe the menstrual cycle (female reproductive cycle) emphasizing the role of hormones.
Describe the causes of female and male infertility
Explain that in-vitro fertilization (test tube babies) is one of the methods to solve the problem of infertility.
Define miscarriage and state its causes.
Relate miscarriage with abortion.
Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment of gonorrhea and syphilis
Explain AIDS as a worldwide sexually transmitted disease.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT/ DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
Embryonic development
Cleavage and blastocyst formation
Gastrulation
Neurulation
Control of development
Role of nucleus in development
Role of cytoplasm
Mechanism of cellular determination
Embryonic induction and its mechanism
Aging
Genetic mutation
Regeneration
Abnormal development
Learning Outcomes
Describe cleavage
Explain the events of gastrulation
List the tissues and organs formed from the three germ layers
Define organogenesis
State the events of neurulation
Describe the formation of neural crest and list the structures that are derived from neural crest cells.
Through experimental narration, describe the role of the nucleus and cytoplasm in controlling development
Define the term aging.
List the genetic and extrinsic factors responsible for aging
State the changes (graying, thinning hair, pigmented patches of skin, slowed movements, fading vision, impaired hearing, reduced ability to adapt to stress and decreased resistance to infections) as primary aging.
VARIATION AND GENETICS / INHERITANCE
Mendel’s law of inheritance
Gregor John Mendel and his worked
Mendel’s experiment
Inheritance of single trait
Mendel’s principles of inheritance
Inheritance of two traits
Law of independent assortment
Scope of independent assortment in variation
Statistics and probability relevant to genetics
Exceptions to mendelian inheritance
Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Over dominance
Abo blood group system
Multiple alleles
Abo blood group
Genetic basis of abo blood group
Occurrence of some other blood group systems
Rh blood group system
Genetic basis of blood group system
Maternal foetal Rh incompatibility
Epistasis
Bombay phenotype
Polygenic inheritance
Wheat grain color
Human skin color
Gene linkages and crossing over
Gene linkages
Detection of gene linkages
Crossing over
Recombination frequency and genetic map of chromosome
Sex determination
Patterns of sex determinations
Comparison of chromosomal determination of sex between drosophila and humans
Sex linkages
Sex linkage in drosophila
Types of sex linked traits
Sex linkage in human
Genetics of haemophilia
Genetics of colour blindness
Sex related traits
Learning Outcomes
Associate inheritance with the laws of Mendel.
Explain the law of independent assortment, using a suitable example.
Explain incomplete dominance and exemplify it through the inheritance of flower color in 4 O’ clock plant.
Differentiate between incomplete dominance and co-dominance.
Describe multiple alleles and state the alleles responsible for the trait of ABO blood groups.
Associate multiple alleles with the ABO blood group system.
Associate the positive and negative blood groups with the presence and absence of Rh factor
Justify why Rh incompatibility could be a danger to the developing foetus and mother.
Describe the terms gene linkage and crossing over
Exemplify the concept of gene linkage by quoting the example of wing length and width of abdomen in Drosophila melanogaster.
Explain how gene linkage counters independent assortment and crossing-over modifies the progeny
Suggest why linkage could be observed / evaluated only if the number of progeny is quite large.
Identify male and female individuals from the karyotype of Drosophila and man.
Describe the concept of sex-linkage.
Explain the inheritance of sex-linked traits (eye color) in Drosophila.
Describe the sex-linked inheritance of male characters due to Y-chromosome and the effect of Hollandric genes.
Critically analyze the inheritance of Haemophilia, colour blindness and muscular dystrophy
Describe sex-influenced and sex-limited traits with common examples from human genetics.
Describe the X- linked disorders with reference to the patterns of inheritance.
CHROMOSOME AND DNA / NUCLEIC ACID
Chromosomes
Number of chromosomes
Structure of chromosomes
Composition and organization of chromosomes
Concept of gene
Historical background
Modern concept of gene
Where do genes reside
Structure gene
Chromosome theory of inheritance
DNA as heredity material
Grifiths experiment
Avery’s experiment
Hershey and chase experiment
DNA replication
Semi conservative model
Conservative model
Dispersive model
Meselson stahlexperiment
Process of DNA replication
Gene expression
Central dogma of gene expression
Post transcriptional modification of mRNA
Genetic code
Translation
Gene Mutation
Origin of mutation
Types of mutation
Learning Outcomes
Analyze the history of chromosomal theory with reference to Correns’ work, experiments of T. H. Morgan, history of chromosomal theory with reference to Fleming and Wldeyer, chromosomal theory with reference to Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri
Annotate the detailed structure, composition and Organization of a chromosome.
Describe the concept of gene and gene locus.
Explain the concept of alleles as the alternative forms of a gene.
Narrate the experimental work of Griffith and Hershey-Chase, which proved that DNA is the hereditary material.
Describe the three models proposed about the mechanism of DNA replication.
Describe the events of the process of DNA replication. Mechanism of DNA Replication)
Describe the central dogma of gene expression.
Explain the mechanism of transcription
Explain why the length of transcribed m-RNA molecule (in Eukaryotes) shortens as it enters the cytoplasm for translation (post transcriptional modification of in RNA)
Define gene and genetic code.
Describe the characteristics of genetic code (universal, triplet, non-overlapping, degenerate, punctuated).
Describe the mechanism of protein synthesis (Translation)
State the importance of the regulation of gene expression
Relate gene expression with introns and exons
Define mutation and identify various sources of mutation.
EVOLUTION
The Evolution of the Concepts of Evolution
Evolution from eukaryotes from prokaryotes
Endosymbiosis
Membrane infolding
Lamarckism
Darwanisms
Darwin’s voyage of HMS beagel and his observations
Darwin’s theory evolution
Neo-darwinism’s
Evidence of evolution
Learning Outcomes
Describe creationism and the theory of evolution as two contradictory ideas.
Explain origin of life according to concept of evolution
Describe the theories that have been put forwarded about the mechanism of evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes.
Describe the theory of inheritance of acquired characters, as proposed by Lamarck.
Outline the steps of the evolution of the giraffe, as illustrated in Lamarckism.
State the drawbacks in Lamarckism.
Briefly describe the observations Darwin made during his voyage on HMS Beagle.
Explain the theory of natural selection as proposed by Darwin
BIOTECHNOLOGY / GENETIC TECHNOLOGY
Cloning of gene
Recombinant DNA technology
Selection and isolation of desired gene
Molecular scissors
Molecular carriers or vectors
Small size example of vectors
Molecular glue (DNA Ligase)
Expression system
Procedure of recombinant DNA technology
Formation of recombinant DNA
Transformation of expression system
Identification of transformed clone
Polymerase chain reaction
Components of PCR technique
Mechanism of PCR reaction
Application of PCR
Genomeic Library
Construction of Genomic Library
DNA sequencing
Sanger’s Method
Gel Electrophoresis
Automated DNA sequencing
Genome Maps
Genome Maps
Genome analysis
Human Genome project
Tissue culture
Procedure of tissue culture
Types of tissue culture
Animal cell culture
Transgenic organisms
Transgenic bacteria
Transgenic plants biotechnology technology
Transgenic animals
Biotechnology and healthcare
Development of vaccine in Biotechnology
Role of Biotechnology in Diagnosis of diseases
Gene therapy
Cystic fibrosis
Scope and importance of biotechnology
Biochips and biological computers
Mycorrhiza
Biofertilizers
Nanotechnology
Learning Outcomes
Define gene cloning and state the steps in gene cloning.
Describe the techniques of gene cloning through recombinant DNA technology.
Describe the steps involved in gene amplification through polymerase chain reaction.
Describe the procedure for the construction of genomic library.
Describe the principles of Gel Electrophoresis as being used in gene sequencing.
Explain the Sanger-Coulson method of DNA sequencing.
Define DNA profiling/DNA testing/DNA typing/genetic fingerprinting.
Describe the purposes and mechanism of DNA analysis.
Describe the terms of genome analysis, genome map and genetic markers.
State the history of the human genome project admiring James Watson as its first director.
Describe the goals of the human genome project.
Define following terms related to tissue culture; cell culture or organ culture.
State the objectives of the production of transgenic bacteria, transgenic plants and transgenic animals.
Explain with example gene therapies in the detection and treatment of some genetic diseases.
Explain the scope and importance of biotechnology in promoting human welfare.
MEN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT
Biogeochemical Cycle
Water Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Population Dynamics
Characteristics of population
Carrying capacity
Problems related to rapid growth in human population
Pakistan population planning policies and problems
Human Impacts on Environment
Global Warming
Acid Rain
Learning Outcomes
Define biogeochemical cycles and locate the primary reservoirs of the chemicals in oxygen, nitrogen cycles.
Explain population dynamics and list factors that regulate population size.
Describe characteristics of a population, such as growth, density, distribution, carrying capacity, minimum/ viable size.
Describe the causes of the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the world’s atmosphere
Correlate the increasing CO2 concentration with the global warming and describe its long-term effects.
Explain the causes and effects of acid rain.
PHYSICSTABLE OF CONTENTS
Force and Motion
Work and Energy
Rotational and Circular Motion
Waves
Thermodynamics
Electrostatics
Current Electricity
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetic Induction
Electronics
Dawn of Modern Physics
Atomic Spectra
Nuclear Physics
FORCE AND MOTION
Displacement
Velocity
Displacement-time graph
Acceleration
Uniform acceleration
Variable acceleration
Graphical representation of acceleration with velocity time graph
Newton’s laws of motion
Newton’s first law of motion
Newton’s second law of motion
Newton’s third law of motion
Linear Momentum
Law of conservation of momentum
Collision
Elastic collision
Elastic collision in one dimension
Elastic collision in one dimension under different cases
Projectile motion
Characteristics of projectile motion
Time of flight
Maximum height
Horizontal range
Learning Outcomes
Describe displacement.
Describe average velocity of objects.
Interpret displacement-time graph of objects moving along the same straight line.
Define uniform acceleration
Distinguish between, uniform and variable acceleration.
Explain that projectile motion is two-dimensional motion in a vertical plane.
Communicate the ideas of a projectile in the absence of air resistance.
Horizontal component (VH) of velocity is constant.
Acceleration is in the vertical direction and is the same as that of a vertically free-falling object.
The horizontal motion and vertical motion are independent of each other.
Evaluate using equations of uniformly accelerated motion that for a given initial velocity of frictionless
Projectile.
How higher does it go?
How far would it go along the level land?
Where would it be after a given time?
How long will it remain in air?
Determine for a projectile launched from ground height.
Launch angle that results in the maximum range.
Relation between the launch angles that result in the same range.
Describe how air resistance affects both the horizontal component and vertical component of velocity and hence the range of the projectile.
Apply Newton’s laws to explain the motion of objects in a variety of context.
Describe the Newton’s second law of motion as rate of change of momentum.
Correlate Newton’s third law of motion and conservation of momentum.
Solve different problems of elastic and inelastic collisions between two bodies in one dimension by using law of conservation of momentum.
Describe that momentum is conserved in all situations.
Identify that for a perfectly elastic collision, the relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of separation.
WORK AND ENERGY
Work
Energy
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Gravitational potential energy
Power
Learning Outcomes
Describe the concept of work in terms of the product of force F and displacement d in the direction of force (Work as scalar product of F and d).
Define Energy
Explain Kinetic Energy
Explain the Difference between Potential energy and gravitational Potential energy.
Describe that the gravitational PE is measured from a reference level and can be positive or negative, to denote the orientation from the reference level
Express power as scalar product of force and velocity
Explain that work done against friction is dissipated as heat in the environment
State the implications of energy losses in practical devices
ROTATIONAL AND CIRCULAR MOTION
Angular displacement
Revolution
Degree
Radian
Angular velocity
Relation between linear and angular variables
Relation between linear and angular displacements
Relation between linear and angular velocities
Relation between linear and angular accelerations
Centripetal force
Forces causing centripetal acceleration
Learning Outcomes
Define angular displacement, express angular displacement in radians
Define Revolution, degree and Radian
Define and Explain the term Angular Velocity
Find out the relationship between the following:
Relation between linear and angular variables
Relation between linear and angular displacements
Relation between linear and angular velocities
Relation between linear and angular accelerations
Solve problems using centripetal force F = mrω², F = mv² /r.
WAVES
Progressive waves
Crest
Trough
Amplitude
Wavelength
Time period and frequency
Types of progressive waves
Transverse waves
Longitudinal waves
Periodic waves
Transverse periodic waves
Longitudinal periodic waves
Speed of sound in air
Principle of superposition/ superposition of sound waves
Stationary waves/ standing waves
Stationary waves in a stretched string/ fundamental frequency and harmonics
Doppler effect
Observer is moving towards a stationary source
Observer is moving away from a stationary source
When the source is moving towards the stationary observer
When the source is moving away from the stationary observer
Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
Characteristics of simple harmonic motion
Instantaneous displacement
Amplitude
Vibration
Time period
Frequency
Angular frequency
Learning Outcomes
Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes, springs and ripple tank.
Demonstrate that mechanical waves require a medium for their propagation while electromagnetic waves do not.
Define and apply the following terms to the wave model; medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, wavelength, velocity.
Solve problems using the equation: v = fl.
Describe that energy is transferred due to a progressive wave.
Identify that sound waves are vibrations of particles in a medium.
Compare transverse and longitudinal waves.
Explain that speed of sound depends on the properties of medium in which it propagates and describe Newton’s formula of speed of waves.
Describe the Laplace correction in Newton’s formula for speed of sound in air.
Identify the factors on which speed of sound in air depends.
Describe the principle of superposition of two waves from coherent sources.
Describe the phenomenon of interference of sound waves.
Describe the phenomenon of formation of beats due to interference of non- coherent sources.
Explain the formation of stationary waves using graphical method
Define the terms, node and antinodes.
Describe modes of vibration of strings.
Describe formation of stationary waves in vibrating air columns.
Explain the principle of Super position
Explain S.H.M and explain the Characteristics of S.H.M.
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics system
First law of thermodynamics
Specific heat and Molar specific heat / specific heat capacity
Second law of thermodynamics
Lord Kelvin statement
Learning Outcomes
Describe that thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature.
Describe that regions of equal temperatures are in thermal equilibrium.
Define the Lord Kelvin Statement
Define thermodynamics and various terms associated with it.
Differentiate between Specific heat and Molar Specific Heat.
Calculate work done by a thermodynamic system during a volume change.
Describe the first law of thermodynamics expressed in terms of the change in internal energy, the heating of the system and work done on the system.
Explain that first law of thermodynamics expresses the conservation of energy.
Define the terms, specific heat and molar specific heats of a gas.
Apply first law of thermodynamics to derive Cp – Cv = R.
State and explain second law of thermodynamics.
ELECTROSTATICS
Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s law in material media
Electric field and its intensity
Electric field intensity due to an infinite sheet of charge
Electric field intensity between two oppositely charged parallel plates
Electric potential
Capacitor
Capacitance of a capacitor and its unit
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
Combinations of capacitors
Parallel combination of capacitors
Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Charging and Discharging a Capacitor
Learning Outcomes
State Coulomb’s law and explain that force between two-point charges is reduced in a medium other than free space using Coulomb’s law.
Describe the concept of an electric field as an example of a field of force.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field at a point due to two charges with the same or opposite signs.
Sketch the electric field lines for two-point charges of equal magnitude with same or opposite signs.
Describe and draw the electric field due to an infinite size conducting plate of positive or negative charge.
Define electric potential at a point in terms of the work done in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to that point.
Define the unit of potential.
Derive an expression for electric potential at a point due to a point charge.
Describe the functions of capacitors in simple circuits.
Solve problems using formula for capacitors in series and in parallel. Explain polarization of dielectric of a capacitor.
Demonstrate charging and discharging of a capacitor through a resistance.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
OHM’s Law
Electrical resistance
Specific resistance or resistivity
Effect of temperature on resistance
Temperature co-efficient of resistance
Variation f resistivity with temperature
Internal resistance of a supply
Electric power
Unit of electric power
Kilowatt-hours
Kirchhoff’s Rule
Kirchhoff’s current law
Kirchhoff’s voltage law
Procedure of Kirchhoff’s law for Problem solution
Potentiometer
Learning Outcomes
Describe the concept of steady current.
State Ohm’s law.
Define resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature.
Explain the internal resistance of sources and its consequences for external circuits.
Describe the conditions for maximum power transfer.
Apply Kirchhoff’s first law as conservation of charge to solve problem.
Apply Kirchhoff’s second law as conservation of energy to solve problem.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Magnetic field
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux Density
Learning outcome
Define magnetic flux density and its units.
Describe the concept of magnetic flux (Ø) as scalar product of magnetic field
(B) and area (A) using the relation ØB = B┴ A=B.A.
Describe quantitatively the path followed by a charged particle shot into a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the field.
Explain that a force may act on a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Electromagnetic induction
Activity
Faraday’s Law: application in seismometer
Lenz’s Law
Lenz’s Law and conservation of energy
Generating electricity
Alternating Current Generator
Transformers
Learning Outcomes
State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
Account for Lenz’s law to predict the direction of an induced current and relate to the principle of conservation of energy.
Apply Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s law to solve problems.
Given a rod or wire moving through a magnetic field in a simple way, compute the potential difference across its ends.
Define mutual inductance (M) and self-inductance (L), and their unit henry.
Describe the construction of a transformer and explain how it works.
Describe how set-up and step-down transformers can be used to ensure efficient transfer of electricity along cables.
ELECTRONICS
Rectification
Learning Outcomes
Define rectification and describe the use of diodes for half and full wave rectifications.
DAWN OF MODERN PHYSICS
The wave nature of particles
The wave-particle duality
Learning outcomes
Explain the particle model of light in terms of photons with particular energy and frequency.
Explain how the very short wavelength of electrons, and the ability to use electrons and magnetic fields to focus them, allows electron microscope to achieve very high resolution.
Describe uncertainty principle.
ATOMIC SPECTRA
Atomic Spectra/ Line Spectrum
Production of X-rays
Learning Outcomes
Describe and explain Atomic Spectra/ Line Spectrum.
Show an understanding of the existence of discrete electron energy levels in isolated atoms (e.g. atomic hydrogen) and deduce how this leads to spectral lines.
Understand that inner shell transitions in heavy elements result into emission of characteristic X-rays.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Spontaneous and random nuclear decay/ the Law of Radioactive Decay
Half Life and rate of decay
Biological effects of Radiation
Biological and Medical Uses of Radiation
Learning Outcomes
Describe a simple model for the atom to include protons, neutrons and electrons.
Identify the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear decay.
Describe the term half-life and solve problems using the equation.
Describe Biological effects of radiation state and explain the different medical uses of Radiation.
CHEMISTRYTABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction to Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry
Atomic Structure
Gases
Liquids
Solids
Chemical Equilibrium
Reaction Kinetics
Thermochemistry and Energetics of Chemical Reactions
Electrochemistry
Chemical Bonding
s and p Block Elements
Transition Elements
Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry
Chemistry of Hydrocarbons
Alkyl Halides
Alcohols and Phenols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Macromolecules
INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
Atomic mass
sti formula
Molecular formula
Concept of mole
Construction of mole ratios as conversion factors in stoichiometry calculations
Avogadro’s number
Important assumptions of stoichiometric calculations
Stoichiometry
Limiting reactant
Percentage yield
Learning Outcomes
Construct mole ratios from balanced equations for use as conversion factors in stoichiometric problems. (Applying)
Perform stoichiometric calculations with balanced equations using moles, representative particles, masses and volumes of gases (at STP) (Analyzing)
Knowing the limiting reagent in a reaction, calculate the maximum amount of product (s) produced and the amount of any unreacted excess reagent. (Analyzing)
Given information from which any two of the following may be determined, calculate the third: theoretical yield, actual yield, percentage yield. (Understanding)
Calculate the theoretical yield and the percent yield when given the balanced equation, the amounts of reactants and the actual yield. (Applying)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Concept of orbitals
Electronic configuration
Discovery of electron
Properties of cathode rays
Discovery of proton (positive Rays)
Properties of positive Rays
Discovery of neutron
Properties of neutron
Rutherford’s model of atom (Discovery of Nucleus)
Spectrum
Hydrogen spectrum
X-rays and atomic number
Quantum numbers
Shapes of orbitals
Electronic configuration of elements
Learning Outcomes
Relate energy equation (for electron) to frequency, wavelength and wave number of radiations emitted or absorbed by electron.
Explain production, properties, types and uses of X-rays. (Understanding)
Define photon as a unit of radiation energy. (Remembering)
Describe the concept of orbitals. (Understanding)
Distinguish among principal energy levels, energy sub levels, and atomic orbitals. (Understanding)
Describe the general shapes of s, p, and d orbitals. (Understanding)
Describe the hydrogen atom using the quantum theory. (Understanding)
Use the Aufbau Principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s Rule to write the electronic configuration of the elements. (Applying)
Describe the orbitals of hydrogen atom in order of increasing energy. (Understanding)
Write electron configuration of atoms. (Applying)
Describe discovery and properties of cathode rays, protons and neutrons. (understanding)
GASES
Properties of gases
Properties of liquids
Gas laws
Boyle’s law
Charles’s law
General gas equation
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Kinetic interpretation of temperature
Ideal gas equation
Learning Outcomes
List the postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory. (Remembering)
Describe the motion of particles of a gas according to Kinetic Theory. (Applying)
State the values of standard temperature and pressure (STP). (Remembering)
Describe the effect of change in pressure on the volume of gas. (Applying)
Describe the effect of change in temperature on the volume of gas. (Applying)
Explain the significance of absolute zero, giving its value in degree Celsius and Kelvin. (Understanding)
Derive ideal gas equation using Boyle’s, Charles’ and Avogadro’s law. (Understanding)
Explain the significance and different units of ideal gas constant. (Understanding)
Distinguish between real and ideal gases. (Understanding)
LIQUIDS
Properties of liquids
Intermolecular forces (Van DER WAAL’s equation)
Dipole-dipole forces
Intermolecular forces
Dipole-induced dipole forces
Vapor pressure
Boiling point and external pressure
Learning Outcomes
Describe simple properties of liquids e.g., diffusion, compression, expansion, motion of molecules, spaces between them, intermolecular forces and kinetic energy based on Kinetic Molecular Theory. (Understanding)
Explain applications of dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding and London forces. (Applying)
Explain physical properties of liquids such as evaporation, vapor pressure, boiling point, viscosity and surface tension. (Understanding)
Use the concept of hydrogen bonding to explain the following properties of water: high surface tension, high specific heat, low vapor pressure, high heat of vaporization, and high boiling point
Anomalous behavior of water when its density shows maximum at 4 degree centigrade (Applying)
SOLIDS
Introduction
Types of solids
Crystalline solids
Properties of crystalline solids
Geometrical shape
Melting points
Crystal lattice
Unit cell
Crystal and their classification
Classification of solids
Ionic solids
Molecular solids
Learning Outcomes
Describe simple properties of solids e.g., diffusion, compression, expansion, motion of molecules, spaces between them, intermolecular forces and kinetic energy based on kinetic molecular theory. (Understanding)
Describe crystalline solids. (Understanding)
Describe properties of crystalline solids like geometrical shape, melting point, allotropy and transition temperature. (Understanding)
Explain the significance of the unit cell to the shape of the crystal using NaCl as an example. (Applying)
Name three factors that affect the shape of an ionic crystal. (Understanding)
Define lattice energy. (Remembering)
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Reversible and irreversible reactions
State of chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium constant Expression for Important reaction
Applications of equilibrium constant
Solubility product
The Le Chatelier’s principle
Applications of chemical equilibrium in industry
Synthesis of ammonia by Haber’s Process
Common Ion effect
Buffer solutions
Equilibria of slightly soluble Ionic compounds (Solubility product)
Learning Outcomes
Define chemical equilibrium in terms of a reversible reaction. (Remembering)
Write both forward and reverse reactions and describe the macroscopic characteristics of each. (Understanding)
Determine if the reactants or products are favored in a chemical reaction, given the equilibrium constant. (Analyzing)
State Le Chatelier’s Principle and be able to apply it to systems in equilibrium with changes in concentration, pressure, temperature, or the addition of catalyst. (Applying)
Explain industrial applications of Le Chatelier’s Principle using Haber’s process as an example. (Analyzing)
Define and explain solubility product. (Understanding)
Define and explain common ion effect giving suitable examples. (Applying)
Describe buffer solutions and explain types of buffers.
REACTION KINETICS
Rate of reaction
Determination of the rate of a chemical reaction
Rate and velocity of reaction
Specific rate constant or velocity constant
Determination of rate of reaction
Factors affecting rate of reaction
Elementary and overall rate constant and units
Order of reaction and its determination of rate of reaction
Factors affecting rate of reaction
Learning Outcomes
Define chemical kinetics. (Remembering)
Explain and use the terms rate of reaction, rate equation, order of reaction, rate constant and rate determining step. (Understanding)
Explain qualitatively factors affecting rate of reaction. (Applying)
Given the order with respect to each reactant, write the rate law for the reaction. (Applying)
Explain what is meant by the terms activation energy and activated complex. (Understanding)
Relate the ideas of activation energy and the activated complex to the rate of a reaction. (Applying)
Explain effects of concentration, temperature and surface area on reaction rates. (Applying)
Describe the role of the rate constant in the theoretical determination of reaction rate. (Applying)
THERMOCHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
System, Surrounding and State function
Definitions of terms used in thermodynamics
Standard states and standard enthalpy changes
Energy in chemical reactions
First Law of thermodynamics
Sign of ΔH
Enthalpy of a reaction
Enthalpy of formation
Enthalpy of formation
Enthalpy of formation
Heat of formation
Hess’s law of constant heat summation
Born-Haber cycle
Learning Outcomes
Define thermodynamics. (Remembering)
Classify reactions as exothermic or endothermic. (Understanding)
Define the terms system, surrounding, boundary, state function, heat, heat capacity, internal energy, work done and enthalpy of a substance. (Remembering)
Name and define the units of thermal energy. (Remembering)
Explain first law of thermodynamics for energy conservation. (Remembering)
Apply Hess’s Law to construct simple energy cycles. (Understanding)
Describe enthalpy of a reaction. (Remembering)
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Oxidative number or state
Oxidative state and balancing of Redox Equations
Explanation of electrolysis
Electrode potential
Balancing of redox equations by ion-electron method
Balancing redox equations by oxidation number change method
Learning Outcomes
Give the characteristics of a redox reaction. (Understanding)
Define oxidation and reduction in terms of a change in oxidation number. (Applying)
Use the oxidation-number change method to identify atoms being oxidized or reduced in redox reactions. (Applying)
Define the standard electrode potential of an electrode. (Remembering)
Use ion-electron method/oxidation number method to balance chemical equations. (Applying).
CHEMICAL BONDING
Energetics of bond formation
Atomic sizes
Atomic radii
Ionic radii
Covalent radii
Ionization energy
Electron affinity
Electronegativity
Bond Energy
Bond Length
Types of Bonds
Energetics of Bond Formation
Electrovalent or Ionic Bond
Covalent bond
Co-ordinate or dative Covalent Bond
Ionic character of covalent bond
Sigma and Pi bond
Hybridization
sp3 – Hybridization
sp2 – Hybridization
sp – Hybridization
Shapes of simple molecules
The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory
Postulates of VESPR theory
Applications of VSEPR theory
Learning Outcomes
Use VESPER theory to describe the shapes of molecules. (Applying)
Describe the features of sigma and pi bonds. (Understanding)
Describe the shapes of simple molecules using orbital hybridization. (Applying)
Determine the shapes of some molecules from the number of bonded pairs and lone pairs of electrons around the central atom. (Analyzing)
Predict the molecular polarity from the shapes of molecules. (Applying)
Explain what is meant by the term ionic character of a covalent bond. (Understanding)
Describe how knowledge of molecular polarity can be used to explain some physical and chemical properties of molecules. (Analyzing)
Define bond energies and explain how they can be used to compare bond strengths of different chemical bonds. (Analyzing)
S AND P BLOCK ELEMENTS
Electronic configuration
Chemical properties of S-block elements
Group 1 Elements (Alkali Metals)
Atomic and Physical properties
Trends in reactivity
Group 2 Elements (Alkaline earth metals)
Trends in reactivity
Physical and Chemical properties, trend from metal to non-metal
Group trends: atomic radii, ionic radii, electronegativity, ionization potential, electropositivity or metallic character, melting and boiling points
Learning Outcomes
Recognize the demarcation of the periodic table into s block, p block, d block, and f block. (Understanding)
Describe how physical properties like atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, electrical conductivity and melting and boiling points of elements.
Change within a group and within a period in the periodic table. (Analyzing)
Describe reactions of Group I elements with water, oxygen and chlorine. (Applying)
Describe reactions of Group II elements with water, oxygen and nitrogen.
(Applying)
Describe reactions of period 3 elements with water, oxygen and chlorine. (Applying)
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
General characteristics
Learning Outcomes
Describe electronic structures of elements and ions of d-block elements. (Applying)
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Classification of organic compounds
Petroleum: Refining, Reforming, Cracking
Isomerism
Learning Outcomes
Define organic chemistry and organic compounds. (Remembering)
Classify organic compounds on structural basis. (Analyzing)
Explain that organic compounds are also synthesized in the lab. (Understanding)
Define functional groups (Remembering)
Explain isomerism and its types.
CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBONS
Open chain and closed chain hydrocarbons
Nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
Benzene: Properties, Structure, Modern representation, Reactions, Resonance method, Electrophilic substitution,
The molecular orbital treatment of benzene
Learning Outcomes
Classify hydrocarbons as aliphatic and aromatic. (Understanding)
Describe nomenclature of alkanes. (Understanding)
Define free radical initiation, propagation and termination. (Remembering)
Describe the mechanism of free radical substitution in alkanes exemplified by methane and ethane. (Understanding)
Explain the nomenclature of alkenes. (Understanding)
Explain shape of ethene molecule in terms of sigma and pi C-C bonds. (Understanding)
Describe the structure and reactivity of alkenes as exemplified by ethene. (Applying)
Define and explain with suitable examples the terms isomerism and structural isomerism. (Remembering)
Explain dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of RX for the preparation of ethene. (Understanding)
Describe the chemistry of alkenes by the following reactions of ethene:
Use the IUPAC naming system for alkenes. (Applying)
Explain the shape of benzene molecule (molecular orbital aspect). (Understanding)
Define resonance, resonance energy and relative stability. (Understanding)
Compare the reactivity of benzene with alkanes and alkenes. (Applying)
Describe addition reactions of benzene and methyl benzene. (Applying)
Describe the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in benzene. (Understanding)
Discuss chemistry of benzene and methyl benzene by nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedal Craft’s alkylation and acylation. (Applying)
Apply the knowledge of positions of substituents in the electrophilic substitution of benzene. (Applying)
Use the IUPAC naming system for alkynes. (Applying)
Compare the reactivity of alkynes with alkanes, alkenes and arenes. (Analyzing)
Discuss the shape of alkynes in terms of sigma and pi C-C bonds. (Applying)
Describe the preparation of alkynes using elimination reactions. (Applying)
Describe acidity of alkynes. (Understanding)
Discuss chemistry of alkynes by hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation, hydration. (Understanding)
Describe and differentiate between substitution and addition reactions. (Understanding)
ALKYL HALIDES
Classification of alkyl halides
Nomenclature
Reactions
Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reaction SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 reaction
Learning Outcomes
Name alkyl halides using IUPAC system. (Applying)
Discuss the structure and reactivity of RX. (Applying)
Describe the mechanism and types of nucleophilic substitution reactions.
(Understanding)
Describe the mechanism and types of elimination reactions. (Understanding)
ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
Classification: Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
Nomenclature
Reactivity
Phenols:
Physical properties
Nomenclature
Acidity
Reactivity
Learning Outcomes
Explain nomenclature and structure of alcohols. (Understanding)
Explain reactivity of alcohols. (Understanding)
Describe the chemistry of alcohols by preparation of ethers and esters (Applying)
Explain the nomenclature and structure of phenols. (Applying)
Discuss the reactivity of phenol and their chemistry by electrophilic aromatic substitution. (Applying)
Differentiate between alcohol and phenol. (Understanding)
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
Nomenclature
Preparation
Reactions
Learning Outcomes
Explain nomenclature and structure of aldehydes and ketones. (Applying)
Discuss the preparation of aldehydes and ketones (Applying)
Describe reactivity of aldehydes and ketones and their comparison. (Analyzing)
Describe acid and base catalyzed nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones. (Applying)
Discuss the chemistry of aldehydes and ketones by their reduction to alcohols, (Applying)
Describe oxidation reactions of aldehydes and ketones. (Applying)
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Nomenclature
Classification
Physical properties
Preparations of carboxylic acids
Reactivity
Learning Outcomes
Describe nomenclature, chemistry and preparation of carboxylic acids (Applying)
Discuss reactivity of carboxylic acids. (Applying)
Describe the chemistry of carboxylic acids by conversion to carboxylic acid derivatives: acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters, amides and reactions involving interconversion of these. (Analyzing)
Describe reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives. (Applying)
MACROMOLECULES
Proteins
Enzymes
Learning Outcomes
Explain the basis of classification and structure-function relationship of proteins (Understanding)
Describe the role of various proteins in maintaining body functions and their nutritional importance (Applying)
Describe the role of enzyme as biocatalyst (Applying)
NUMS MDCAT CURRICULUMENGLISHAim
The aim of the English section of MDCAT is to measure the applicants’ skills in English language and to evaluate how prepared they are for undertaking graduate studies in medicine in English. The test applies a common standard to everyone to be able to evaluate the preparation of the applicants from different sectors, regions and socio- economic backgrounds.
The benchmarks for the test have been developed in the light of the curriculum used in HSSC and CIE. Since the students who take the MDCAT come from a wide range of educational contexts, the test comprises items that may be applied to a broadband of language competencies that are not exclusive to one particular type of curriculum.
Objectives
To ensure complete alignment between the English curriculum used in various sectors at the HSSC and CIE level and the test items
To create a balance of items from different benchmarks of the English curriculum outlined for MDCAT
To make sure that difficult and ambiguous items beyond the scope of high school education are not included
To design the test specifications
To design, select, and arrange test task items
Objective
Benchmark
Contents
1. Comprehend key vocabulary
Use one or more of the following strategies to determine meaning of key vocabulary: contextual clues and illustrationsbackground or prior knowledgemorphology, syntax, phonics, knowledge of word relationshipsknowledge of synonyms, antonyms, homophones
High and low frequency words from the course book or to be selected from similar contexts or the contexts the HSSC and CIE students may be familiar with
2. Demonstrate control of tenses and sentence structure
Use correct tenses and sentence structure in writingIdentify mistakes in the use of tenses and sentence structure in written texts
All the present tensesAll the past tensesFour types of sentencesConditionalsTypes of clausesFragments
3. Demonstrate correct use of subject-verb agreement
use correct subject-verb agreement in written textsIdentify mistakes in the use of subject verb-agreement in written texts
Use the texts prescribed/ used in HSSC or CIE for selecting test items as well as determining the degree of their complexity
4. Demonstrate correct use of articles and prepositions
Use appropriate articles and prepositions in different written contextsIdentify mistakes in the use of articles and prepositions in sentences or short textsSelect the appropriate article or preposition for a particular Context
The test items to be selected from the contexts common to the texts at HSSC and CIE level
5. Demonstrate correct use of writing conventions of spelling, capitalization and punctuation to clarify meaning
Use capitalization and punctuation such as semi colons, commas in a series, apostrophes in possessives, proper nouns, and abbreviationsAvoid and identify the following punctuation
The test items to be selected from the type of texts written by HSSC and CIE students and from the contexts common to both the streams
mistakes in sentences or short written texts: Run on sentencesComma splicesFragments 5.2.4 Faulty coordination
Vocabulary
Aappalling astounded apparently attached to appraised alas abruptly accentuated anxieties
B boon bewilderment briskly bead brimming baffling bashful beckoned
S swarmed up scenario swathe subsequently struck up string sternly solemnly succulent shuffled sailed stunt sauntered splendour sagged off speckled with stable
